Quick Summary
Curricular Practical Training (CPT) and Optional Practical Training (OPT) are work authorizations for F-1 international students in the U.S. While both allow students to gain real-world experience, they differ in purpose, timing, and rules. Understanding these differences is crucial for maximizing your employment opportunities and maintaining immigration compliance.
Key Takeaways
CPT is for work during your academic program; OPT is usually after graduation.
CPT must be related to your major and approved by your school.
OPT allows up to 12 months of work, with a possible 24-month STEM extension.
Too much full-time CPT can eliminate OPT eligibility.
What is CPT (Curricular Practical Training)?
Curricular Practical Training (CPT) is a type of work authorization for F-1 students that allows employment directly related to their academic curriculum. CPT is typically used before graduation and is integrated into the student’s coursework.
CPT Key Points:
Purpose: Practical training as part of curriculum
Timing: While enrolled in school
Full-time/Part-time: Can be either, but 12+ months of full-time CPT removes OPT eligibility
Authorization: School’s Designated School Official (DSO) issues I-20 with CPT authorization
Employer-specific: Yes, you must have a job offer before applying
Legal Tip: CPT is not granted automatically. It must be approved by your academic advisor and DSO, and you must be enrolled in a course that requires practical training.
What is OPT (Optional Practical Training)?
Optional Practical Training (OPT) allows F-1 students to gain up to 12 months of work experience in their field of study, typically after completing their degree. For STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Math) graduates, a 24-month extension is available.
OPT Key Points:
Purpose: Post-graduation employment in your field
Timing: Pre-completion OPT is allowed, but most students apply for post-completion OPT
Authorization: USCIS grants an Employment Authorization Document (EAD)
No employer required upfront: You can apply without a job offer
STEM Extension: 24-month extension possible for eligible degrees
Legal Tip: Apply early, USCIS processing times vary, and delays could affect your job start date.
CPT vs OPT: Side-by-Side Comparison
Feature | CPT | OPT |
|---|---|---|
Eligibility | Must complete 1 year of full-time study | Must complete 1 year of full-time study |
Application Authority | School DSO | USCIS |
Work Start Time | During program | Usually after graduation |
Job Offer Requirement | Mandatory | Not required at the time of application |
Duration | No limit, but 12+ months full-time removes OPT eligibility | 12 months (plus 24-month STEM extension) |
Employer Flexibility | Employer-specific | Any employer in the field of study |
EAD Card Required | No | Yes |
Real-World Scenario: An Indian Student in New Jersey
Akhil, a Computer Science master’s student in New Jersey, secured a summer internship at a tech startup. His university required him to register for an internship course to qualify. His DSO approved CPT for full-time summer work.
After graduation, Akhil applied for OPT and received his EAD. He later used his STEM OPT extension to continue working at the same startup.
Checklist: What You Need for CPT and OPT
For CPT:
Valid F-1 visa status
Enrolled in a program requiring practical training
Offer letter from employer
Academic advisor recommendation
CPT-approved course enrollment
DSO-issued I-20 with CPT authorization
For OPT:
Valid F-1 visa status
Completed one academic year
Application to USCIS (Form I-765)
$470 USCIS fee (as of 2025)
Passport photos and I-20 with DSO recommendation
EAD approval before starting work
FAQs: Common CPT and OPT Questions
Q: Can I work on CPT and OPT at the same time?
A: No, you can’t use both simultaneously. They are distinct authorizations.
Q: What happens if I exceed 12 months of full-time CPT?
A: You lose eligibility for OPT.
Q: Is it mandatory to have a job offer to apply for OPT?
A: No, a job offer is not required at the time of application.
Q: Can I switch employers on OPT?
A: Yes, but the new job must be in your field of study.
Q: Can I travel while on OPT or CPT?
A: Travel is permitted but risky. Carry valid documents and consult your DSO first.
Questions to Ask Your Immigration Attorney
Is my CPT work considered full-time or part-time?
Will my planned CPT impact my future OPT eligibility?
Can I apply for the STEM OPT extension based on my degree?
What are my options if my OPT is denied or delayed?
Conclusion:
Understanding the differences between CPT and OPT is vital for international students planning a U.S. career. CPT is for academic-related employment during your program, while OPT offers post-graduation work experience. Missteps, like working too long on CPT, can limit future opportunities like H1B sponsorships.
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